🔍 Key Findings
- Study Type: Cadaveric study using 36 paired canine shoulders (n = 18 per group: Subacromial [SA] and Supratubercular [ST])
- Survey Results: 75% of clinicians preferred SA technique; 25% used ST
Accuracy Outcomes:- Complete accuracy: 50% (SA), 44% (ST) — no significant difference (p = .8)
- Partial accuracy: 39% (SA), 50% (ST)
- Complete miss: 11% (SA), 5.6% (ST)
Safety Outcomes (India Ink Assay for Iatrogenic Articular Cartilage Injury [IACI]):
- Incidence of IACI:
- SA: 50% (9/18 shoulders)
- ST: 11% (2/18 shoulders) → statistically significant (p = .007)
- Lesion depth: All ST lesions were partial-thickness; SA group had one full-thickness lesion (p = .027)
- Location: Lesions found on glenoid and humeral head with even distribution in SA; only one each in ST
Clinical Implications:- Landmark-guided injections were ≤50% completely accurate, even by an experienced operator.
- ST technique is safer with lower risk of cartilage damage, despite similar accuracy.
- Findings support considering image-guided techniques to improve both safety and accuracy in clinical settings.
