In Burton 2025 et al., on antebrachial conformation, which group comparison showed a significant difference in both PRUDA and UCORA?
A. Group 1 vs Group 3
B. Group 2 vs Group 3
C. Group 1 vs Group 2
D. Group 2 vs Group 3
E. Group 1 vs both Group 2 and 3
Answer: Group 1 vs both Group 2 and 3
Explanation: PRUDA differed significantly between Group 1 and both Group 2 & 3; UCORA differed between Group 1 and Group 3.
In Burton 2025 et al., on antebrachial conformation, what is a proposed biomechanical consequence of increased PRUDA?
A. Increased torsional force on radial head
B. Reduced load through the humeral condyle
C. Increased distraction at the capitulotrochlear boundary
D. Increased compression at the olecranon fossa
E. Decreased joint flexion range
Answer: Increased distraction at the capitulotrochlear boundary
Explanation: Increased PRUDA may produce divergent force vectors during weightbearing, stressing the humeral condyle.
In Burton 2025 et al., on antebrachial conformation, what statistical result supported intraobserver reliability of PRUDA and UCORA?
A. No significant difference between measurement sessions
B. Standard deviation less than 1.5
C. Intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.80
D. Pearson r = 0.65
E. P-value > 0.05 for angle differences
Answer: Intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.80
Explanation: ICC values were 0.84–0.91, confirming excellent intraobserver agreement for PRUDA and UCORA.
In Burton 2025 et al., on antebrachial conformation, which angle was significantly increased in dogs with HIF?
A. Radial torsion angle
B. Medial proximal radial angle (MPRA)
C. Proximal radio-ulnar divergence angle (PRUDA)
D. Proximal cranial radial angle (PCRA)
E. Lateral distal radial angle (LDRA)
Answer: Proximal radio-ulnar divergence angle (PRUDA)
Explanation: PRUDA was significantly higher in Cocker Spaniels with HIF compared to both control groups (p < .001).
In Burton 2025 et al., on antebrachial conformation, what was the interpretation of increased UCORA in dogs with HIF?
A. Indicates internal rotation of the ulna
B. Reflects decreased humero-ulnar congruity
C. Suggests increased distal ulnar valgus
D. Indicates increased distal ulnar varus
E. Suggests increased radial bowing
Answer: Indicates increased distal ulnar varus
Explanation: Increased UCORA was defined as positive when the distal ulna was in more varus orientation than the proximal ulna.
