🔍 Key Findings
- Single-port laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy (SP-LAC) was feasible in 13/14 dogs with abdominal cryptorchidism.
- Median surgical time was 17 min for unilateral and 27 min for bilateral cryptorchidectomy.
- All testes were successfully exteriorized through a 15-mm mini-celiotomy in most dogs; only 2 needed slight enlargement.
- One major complication occurred (testicular artery hemorrhage, requiring conversion to open surgery).
- Two minor complications involved trocar-related issues (splenic capsule laceration, capnoretroperitoneum).
- No incisional complications were reported postoperatively; some dogs had mild dermatitis at the clipped site.
- The technique requires only one surgeon and no advanced tools beyond a single-port endoscope.
- Low-pressure capnoperitoneum (6 mmHg) was adequate for visualization in most cases.
