In Vodnarek 2024 et al., on nasopharyngeal fluoroscopy, which method showed the **highest intraobserver agreement** for ÎL?
A. Anatomically adjusted method
B. Visual grading method
C. CT measurement method
D. Functional method
E. None; all were equal
Answer: Functional method
Explanation: The functional method yielded the highest intraobserver ICC (0.751) for ÎL.
In Vodnarek 2024 et al., on intraobserver performance, which observer achieved **excellent reliability** for both methods?
A. Surgery intern (Observer 3)
B. Imaging resident (Observer 4)
C. Radiologist (Observer 1)
D. Surgeon (Observer 2)
E. None achieved excellent reliability
Answer: Radiologist (Observer 1)
Explanation: Observer 1, a diplomate of ECVDI, had ICC > 0.9 for ÎL in both methods.
In Vodnarek 2024 et al., on nasopharyngeal fluoroscopy, what was the **main limitation** of grading using ÎL thresholds?
A. Too slow to use clinically
B. It requires anesthesia
C. It increases interobserver agreement
D. It introduces arbitrary cutoffs
E. Requires contrast medium
Answer: It introduces arbitrary cutoffs
Explanation: Using cutoffs to categorize continuous data increases variability and may misclassify similar clinical states.
In Vodnarek 2024 et al., on method comparison, which statement is true regarding the **anatomically adjusted method**?
A. It showed superior intraobserver agreement for ÎL
B. It eliminated variability in grading
C. It used the epiglottis as a landmark
D. It required contrast to visualize
E. It was significantly faster than the functional method
Answer: It used the epiglottis as a landmark
Explanation: The anatomically adjusted method measured LMin/LMax at the rostral tip of the epiglottis.
In Vodnarek 2024 et al., on nasopharyngeal collapse grading, what ÎL value range defined **partial collapse**?
A. ÎL < 0.25
B. ÎL < 0.5
C. ÎL â„ 0.5 and < 1
D. ÎL = 1
E. ÎL â„ 0.25 and < 0.75
Answer: ÎL â„ 0.5 and < 1
Explanation: Partial collapse was defined as a dynamic change ratio (ÎL) between 0.5 and less than 1.
