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Azuma et al: Three-dimensional versus two-dimensional laparoscopy for cholecystectomy in a canine cadaveric study
Veterinary Surgery 4, 2024

🔍 Key Findings

  • 3D laparoscopy significantly reduced time to first endoclip placement compared to 2D (median 76 vs. 238 seconds, p = .016).
  • Total surgical time was not significantly different between 3D and 2D groups.
  • No differences were observed in intraoperative complications such as cystic duct injury, clip dislodgment, or gallbladder perforation.
  • Cystic duct stump length was comparable between groups (median 2.5 mm).
  • Liver parenchyma attachment severity did not differ significantly between 2D and 3D groups.
  • All procedures were performed by an experienced surgeon, potentially reducing the benefit seen with 3D visualization.
  • No conversions to open surgery occurred, and no intraoperative complications were reported.
  • The study suggests 3D laparoscopy may aid less experienced surgeons due to enhanced depth perception.

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← Articles

Azuma et al: Three-dimensional versus two-dimensional laparoscopy for cholecystectomy in a canine cadaveric study
Veterinary Surgery 4, 2024

🔍 Key Findings

  • 3D laparoscopy significantly reduced time to first endoclip placement compared to 2D (median 76 vs. 238 seconds, p = .016).
  • Total surgical time was not significantly different between 3D and 2D groups.
  • No differences were observed in intraoperative complications such as cystic duct injury, clip dislodgment, or gallbladder perforation.
  • Cystic duct stump length was comparable between groups (median 2.5 mm).
  • Liver parenchyma attachment severity did not differ significantly between 2D and 3D groups.
  • All procedures were performed by an experienced surgeon, potentially reducing the benefit seen with 3D visualization.
  • No conversions to open surgery occurred, and no intraoperative complications were reported.
  • The study suggests 3D laparoscopy may aid less experienced surgeons due to enhanced depth perception.

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Multiple Choice Questions on this study

In Azuma 2024 et al., on 3D vs 2D laparoscopy, which group might benefit most from 3D laparoscopy based on the study’s discussion?

A. Board-certified laparoscopic surgeons
B. Surgeons experienced with cholecystectomy
C. Technicians assisting in surgery
D. Trainee or novice surgeons
E. Post-op recovery staff

Answer: Trainee or novice surgeons

Explanation: 3D visualization improves depth perception, aiding less experienced surgeons.
In Azuma 2024 et al., on 3D vs 2D laparoscopy, what was the incidence of intraoperative complications in both 2D and 3D groups?

A. Higher in 2D only
B. Higher in 3D only
C. Comparable, low in both groups
D. Multiple clip dislodgements in 2D
E. More gallbladder perforations in 3D

Answer: Comparable, low in both groups

Explanation: No cystic duct injuries, clip failures, or perforations occurred in either group.
In Azuma 2024 et al., on 3D vs 2D laparoscopy, how did the total surgical times compare between 2D and 3D laparoscopic groups?

A. Significantly shorter in 2D group
B. Significantly shorter in 3D group
C. No significant difference
D. 3D group was twice as fast
E. 2D group had fewer complications

Answer: No significant difference

Explanation: Although 3D improved one procedural step, the overall surgical time did not differ between groups.
In Azuma 2024 et al., on 3D vs 2D laparoscopy, which surgical step showed significantly reduced time using 3D visualization?

A. Time to total cholecystectomy completion
B. Time from first to second endoclip placement
C. Time from second endoclip to gallbladder removal
D. Time from insertion to first endoclip placement
E. Time to pneumoperitoneum re-establishment

Answer: Time from insertion to first endoclip placement

Explanation: 3D laparoscopy significantly shortened the time to the first endoclip (median 76 vs. 238 sec, p = .016).
In Azuma 2024 et al., on 3D vs 2D laparoscopy, what was the median length of cystic duct stump left distal to the first endoclip?

A. 1.5 mm
B. 3 mm
C. 4 mm
D. 2.5 mm
E. 5 mm

Answer: 2.5 mm

Explanation: Both groups had a median stump length of 2.5 mm, consistent with human surgery recommendations.

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