🔍 Key Findings
- Double forwarder (DF) knots had significantly higher knot holding capacity (KHC) than square (SQ) and surgeon’s (SU) knots when tied with <6 throws.
- In 3 USP polyglactin 910, DF knots with 4–5 throws were not significantly stronger than SU knots with 6–8 throws (p > .43).
- DF knots never unraveled, while SQ and SU knots with 4–5 throws showed substantial unraveling.
- KHC did not increase in DF knots when throws increased from 3 to 5.
- Knot volume and weight were significantly higher in DF knots than SQ/SU knots at the same throw count (p < .003).
- DF knots allow sliding placement, potentially useful in minimally invasive or deep cavity procedures.
