In Nash 2024 et al., on monitoring technique, what best describes the esophageal pH probe placement method?
A. Surgically via esophagotomy
B. Transoral without sedation
C. Transnasal under anesthesia
D. Transcutaneous via neck
E. Wireless capsule
Answer: Transnasal under anesthesia
Explanation: Probe was inserted transnasally during TIVA for radiographs and secured to nostril.
In Nash 2024 et al., on GER frequency, what was the upper reference limit for distal GER events per hour?
A. 0.4
B. 1.0
C. 1.8
D. 2.4
E. 4.3
Answer: 2.4
Explanation: An upper reference limit of 2.4 distal GER events per hour was established based on 35 healthy dogs.
In Nash 2024 et al., on adverse effects, what clinical outcome was reported in all 35 dogs during the pH monitoring period?
A. Expelled regurgitation
B. Vomiting
C. Bleeding from nostrils
D. No productive regurgitation
E. Respiratory signs
Answer: No productive regurgitation
Explanation: No expelled regurgitation occurred in any dog despite confirmed GER events.
In Nash 2024 et al., on proximal GER, what was the upper reference limit for cumulative proximal esophageal acid exposure?
A. 0.1%
B. 0.3%
C. 0.5%
D. 1.0%
E. 0%
Answer: 0%
Explanation: No proximal acid exposure was expected in healthy dogs, setting the upper reference limit at 0%.
In Nash 2024 et al., on esophageal acid exposure, what cumulative exposure was considered physiologic for distal esophagus?
A. <1%
B. <2.3%
C. <4%
D. <6%
E. <10%
Answer: <2.3%
Explanation: Cumulative distal acid exposure of up to 2.3% was identified as the upper reference limit.