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Marturello et al: Accuracy of anatomic 3‐dimensionally printed canine humeral models
Veterinary Surgery 1, 2023

🔍 Key Findings

  • 3D-printed models using desktop printers (FDM, LFS) showed submillimetric accuracy, comparable to or better than industrial-grade PJP printers.
  • Bone size had a greater effect on print accuracy than printer type, especially in proximal humerus regions.
  • The humeral condyle region showed the greatest model accuracy, with mean differences under 0.5 mm, regardless of printer.
  • Models tended to be slightly smaller than cadaveric bones, potentially due to systematic underestimation during printing.
  • FDM printer provided the highest accuracy at the humeral condyle in medium-sized bones (+0.09 mm).
  • LFS printer produced prints faster and more reliably than FDM, although both had comparable dimensional accuracy.
  • Statistically significant differences existed, but all were submillimetric and unlikely to impact surgical outcomes.
  • Desktop printers are suitable for surgical planning, including plate pre-contouring and patient-specific instrumentation.

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← Articles

Marturello et al: Accuracy of anatomic 3‐dimensionally printed canine humeral models
Veterinary Surgery 1, 2023

🔍 Key Findings

  • 3D-printed models using desktop printers (FDM, LFS) showed submillimetric accuracy, comparable to or better than industrial-grade PJP printers.
  • Bone size had a greater effect on print accuracy than printer type, especially in proximal humerus regions.
  • The humeral condyle region showed the greatest model accuracy, with mean differences under 0.5 mm, regardless of printer.
  • Models tended to be slightly smaller than cadaveric bones, potentially due to systematic underestimation during printing.
  • FDM printer provided the highest accuracy at the humeral condyle in medium-sized bones (+0.09 mm).
  • LFS printer produced prints faster and more reliably than FDM, although both had comparable dimensional accuracy.
  • Statistically significant differences existed, but all were submillimetric and unlikely to impact surgical outcomes.
  • Desktop printers are suitable for surgical planning, including plate pre-contouring and patient-specific instrumentation.

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Multiple Choice Questions on this study

In Marturello 2023 et al., on 3D-printed humeral models, which anatomical region had the **highest model accuracy** across all printer types?

A. Deltoid crest
B. Humeral head
C. Proximal metaphysis
D. Humeral condyle
E. Humeral neck

Answer: Humeral condyle

Explanation: Humeral condyle replicas were consistently within 0.5 mm of cadaveric measurements, the most accurate across the study.
In Marturello 2023 et al., on 3D-printed humeral models, which desktop printer and region combination yielded **the most accurate measurement**?

A. LFS printer at humeral head
B. FDM printer at humeral condyle
C. PJP printer at proximal metaphysis
D. FDM printer at deltoid crest
E. LFS printer at humeral condyle

Answer: FDM printer at humeral condyle

Explanation: The most accurate measurement was the lateromedial condylar width in the medium-sized humerus using the FDM printer (+0.09 mm).
In Marturello 2023 et al., on 3D-printed humeral models, which factor had the **greatest influence** on model accuracy?

A. Bone density
B. CT slice thickness
C. Printer resolution
D. Bone size
E. Print material

Answer: Bone size

Explanation: Bone size was found to have the most significant impact on 3D model accuracy compared to printer type.
In Marturello 2023 et al., on 3D-printed humeral models, what clinical application is most **justified by this study’s findings**?

A. 3D printing of spinal implants
B. Preoperative fracture reduction of humeral condyle
C. Custom shoulder arthroplasty guides
D. Printing of full-body models
E. Soft tissue modeling

Answer: Preoperative fracture reduction of humeral condyle

Explanation: High accuracy in the humeral condyle suggests 3D-printed models are ideal for planning articular fracture repairs.
In Marturello 2023 et al., on 3D-printed humeral models, what general trend was observed regarding the size of the printed models?

A. They were larger than cadaveric bones
B. They matched exactly
C. They had inconsistent scaling
D. They were generally smaller
E. They were not reproducible

Answer: They were generally smaller

Explanation: Models tended to slightly underestimate actual bone size due to printing or processing factors.

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