🔍 Key Findings
- AA-HTS was feasible in all 14 feline cadaveric hip joints.
- Median surgical time was 46.5 minutes (range 29–144); AA-HTS alone took 40 min (range 26–134).
- Minor articular cartilage injury (<10% total surface) occurred in 10 of 14 joints.
- Intraoperative complications occurred in 5 joints, including k-wire misplacement and toggle lodging.
- Technique deviations (n = 13; 8 major, 5 minor) occurred in 7 joints, all involving the femoral bone tunnel.
- Toggle passage through femoral tunnel was the most challenging step—mildly difficult in 6 joints.
- No injury to neurovascular or intrapelvic structures was observed on dissection.
- Final implant positioning (toggle/button) was ideal in all joints despite some tunnel trajectory deviations.
