Buote et al: 3D printed cannulas for use in laparoscopic surgery in feline patients: A cadaveric study and case series
Veterinary Surgery 6, 2023

Customized 3D printed cannulas (3DPCs) reduced mean surgical time from 125.6 to 95.2 minutes in feline cadavers (p = 0.03).
Instrument collisions were significantly decreased when using 3DPCs (mean 6.8 → 2.6; p = 0.03).
Cannula complications, including pullout and CO₂ leakage, were markedly lower with 3DPCs (mean 10 → 2.2; p = 0.03).
3DPCs were successfully used in two live cats with no postoperative incisional complications.
Cost of each 3DPC was <$5, making it a feasible low-cost option for small practices.
Initial difficulty with port fit and insufflation valve leakage was managed with minor surgical technique adjustments and alternative connectors.
Cannulas were designed shorter (3–3.2 cm) to increase intra-abdominal working space by ~2 cm in cats.
Sterilization via hydrogen peroxide was effective, and materials used were autoclavable and biocompatible.

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Customized 3D printed cannulas (3DPCs) reduced mean surgical time from 125.6 to 95.2 minutes in feline cadavers (p = 0.03).
Instrument collisions were significantly decreased when using 3DPCs (mean 6.8 → 2.6; p = 0.03).
Cannula complications, including pullout and CO₂ leakage, were markedly lower with 3DPCs (mean 10 → 2.2; p = 0.03).
3DPCs were successfully used in two live cats with no postoperative incisional complications.
Cost of each 3DPC was <$5, making it a feasible low-cost option for small practices.
Initial difficulty with port fit and insufflation valve leakage was managed with minor surgical technique adjustments and alternative connectors.
Cannulas were designed shorter (3–3.2 cm) to increase intra-abdominal working space by ~2 cm in cats.
Sterilization via hydrogen peroxide was effective, and materials used were autoclavable and biocompatible.