Quiz Question
In Hanlon 2022 et al., on short screw sacroiliac fixation, what was the difference in mechanical performance between short lag and short positional screws?
🔍 Key Findings
- Two short screws (SLS or SPS) provided >2× peak load, yield load, and stiffness vs a single long screw (LLS) for SI joint stabilization.
- No mechanical advantage was seen between the two short screw types (lag vs positional).
- All short screws terminated lateral to the spinal canal, avoiding spinal impingement.
- Ventral sacral foraminal impingement occurred in 3 short-screw cases (1 SPS, 2 SLS), all involving the caudal screw.
- LLS group showed more abaxial displacement at osteotomy sites, suggesting inferior stabilization for concurrent pelvic fractures.
- Short screw constructs had longer total screw length (48 mm) than LLS (40 mm), contributing to increased stiffness.
- Positioning of caudal screw in a cranial/craniodorsal trajectory may help avoid nerve foraminal injury.
- No significant difference in displacement at peak load among groups; stiffness and load capacity were the primary benefits.
Veterinary Surgery
7
2022
Mechanical evaluation of canine sacroiliac joint stabilization using two short screws
2022-7-VS-hanlon-2
In Dalton 2023 et al., on acetabular fracture repair, what was a key advantage of using locking screws in the plate application?
🔍 Key Findings
- Minimally invasive repair of acetabular fractures using precontoured plates on 3D-printed models is feasible and technically reproducible in dogs.
- All cadavers had fracture gaps <2 mm and step defects <1 mm, indicating accurate reduction.
- Sciatic nerve injury was minimal or absent in all cases, supporting potential neuroprotection from indirect approaches.
- Pelvic angulation was maintained <5°, confirming preservation of alignment post-reduction.
- Surgical time averaged ~46 minutes in cadavers for both approaches and repair.
- Clinical case showed good radiographic healing by 8 weeks and full union by 3 months, with early weight-bearing post-op.
- Use of locking screws improved reduction fidelity, particularly across a broad plate span.
- 3D printing accelerated surgical planning, though its necessity remains debated due to the availability and cost concerns.
Veterinary Surgery
6
2023
Minimally invasive repair of acetabular fractures in dogs: Ex vivo feasibility study and case report
2023-6-VS-dalton-5
In Muroi 2025 et al., on refracture risk, all refractures in the **plate removal group** occurred at which location?
🔍 Key Findings
- Refracture occurred in 5.5% of limbs, with higher incidence in the plate removal group (12.5%) vs. non-removal (3.5%).
- In the non-plate removal group, refractures occurred at the most distal screw site, linked to greater screw position change during growth (OR 1.79, p=0.04).
- Screw-to-bone diameter ratio (SBDR) >0.4 was a significant risk factor for refracture in the plate retention group.
- In the plate removal group, refractures occurred at the original fracture site, associated with lower pixel value ratio (bone mineral density) and reduced radial thickness.
- Implant-induced osteoporosis (IIO) beneath the plate likely contributed to refracture risk after plate removal.
- Younger age at fracture (<6 months) was associated with higher refracture risk due to ongoing radial growth and shifting screw position.
- No significant association was found between refracture and plate type (locking vs conventional), fixation method, or ulnar union.
- Recommendations include careful SBDR sizing, motion restriction, and cautious plate removal decisions in growing dogs.
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology
2
2025
A Retrospective Study of Risk Factors Associated with Refracture after Repair of Radial–Ulnar Fractures in Small-Breed Dogs
2025-2-VCOT-muroi-3
In Sadowitz 2023 et al., on screw angle & speed, which group served as the control group with 0% TCF rate?
🔍 Key Findings
- TCF risk increased significantly with 10° insertion angle at both 650 rpm (12.5%) and 1350 rpm (17.5%), compared to 0% in the control group (0° at 650 rpm).
- Hand insertion at 10° angle resulted in only 3.75% TCF rate, suggesting lower insertion speed reduces risk.
- No TCFs occurred when screws were inserted coaxially (0°) at either 650 or 1350 rpm, indicating angle is a critical factor.
- Screw speed alone did not increase TCF risk unless combined with off-axis insertion.
- Radiographically detectable TCFs were only considered; actual rates may be higher with direct bone inspection.
- Cutting flutes engaging undrilled bone during off-axis insertion likely contribute to TCF formation.
- Clinical implication: Ensure screws are inserted coaxially and at lower speeds to reduce TCF risk during procedures like TPLO.
- Statistically significant differences were found between control and high-angle insertion groups: Group C (p = .001), Group E (p < .001).
Veterinary Surgery
8
2023
Effect of screw insertion angle and speed on the incidence of transcortical fracture development in a canine tibial diaphyseal model
2023-8-VS-sadowitz-2
In McLean 2024 et al., which variables were found to have no significant association with rock-back?
🔍 Key Findings Summary
- 95 TPLO procedures reviewed retrospectively with follow-up radiographs
- Rock-back defined as increase in tibial plateau angle (TPA) ≥2° from immediate post-op to recheck
- 21% of stifles (20/95) experienced rock-back
- Mean ΔTPA among rock-back cases = 3.2° ± 2.6°
- No implant failures or tibial tuberosity fractures were reported in these cases
- Plate inclination and exit cut angle (ECA) were not associated with increased risk of rock-back (p = 0.4 and 0.2)
- Authors hypothesize that compression across osteotomy in vivo may mitigate torsional effects from ECA, unlike in gap-model studies
- Emphasizes that rock-back is relatively common, even with well-placed implants
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology
6
2024
Effect of Plate Inclination and Osteotomy Positioning on Rock-back following Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy in Dogs
2024-6-VCOT-mclean-2
In Kang 2024 et al., on sacroiliac fixation strength, which implant required significantly longer placement time?
🔍 Key Findings Summary
- 20 cats with pelvic fractures treated using locking plates with only cortical screws
- 28 fractures stabilized (ilium: 17, acetabulum: 6, ischium: 3, pubis: 2)
- Implants: Primarily 1.5/2.0 mm LCPs or String-of-Pearls plates
- Major complications in 2/20 cases (10%): sciatic entrapment, malunion requiring THA
- Minor complications in 2/20 cases (10%): plate impingement, transient lameness
- Clinical union in all cats by 8 weeks; all cats returned to full function
- Authors conclude cortical screws alone can provide adequate fixation in feline pelvic fractures if screw purchase and bone quality are sufficient
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology
1
2024
Biomechanical Comparison of Double 2.3-mm Headless Cannulated Self-Compression Screws and Single 3.5-mm Cortical Screw in Lag Fashion in a Canine Sacroiliac Luxation Model
2024-1-VCOT-kang-5
In Butare-Smith 2022 et al., on cerclage knot biomechanics, which knot type demonstrated the highest resistance to cyclic loading before loosening?
🔍 Key Findings
- Double-loop cerclage resisted the highest peak load (805 N) and maintained tension longer than twist (488 N) and single-loop (397 N) configurations.
- Double-loop cerclage sustained 500,000 cycles at 60–80% of peak load in some cases without loosening, outperforming other types.
- Twist knots loosened rapidly, often within 10 cycles even at low loads (100–390 N).
- Single-loop knots performed better than twist, with partial resistance up to 100,000 cycles at 160 N, but showed wide variability.
- All loosening occurred before wire breakage, indicating clinical failure would happen from slack, not fracture.
- Double-loop cerclage had highest initial tension (323 N) compared to single-loop (124 N) and twist (69 N).
- Fatigue limit was not identified for twist, since they all loosened early at even 20% of peak load.
- Clinical recommendation: double-loop cerclage is best for resisting repeated subfailure loading, ideal for fissure prevention or fragment stabilization.
Veterinary Surgery
2
2022
Double-loop cerclage resists greater loads for more cycles than twist and single-loop cerclage
2022-2-VS-butare-smith-1
In Mullen 2023 et al., on microvascular perfusion, why was the green TA (4.8 mm) cartridge selected for stapled enterectomies?
🔍 Key Findings
- Microvascular density at the site of foreign body obstruction was significantly lower in obstructed dogs compared to healthy controls.
- PBR (perfused boundary region) was paradoxically lower in obstructed dogs, indicating that PBR may not reliably correlate with tissue viability in this context.
- No significant difference in microvascular perfusion between subjectively viable vs nonviable intestines, suggesting subjective assessment is unreliable.
- No difference in perfusion parameters between handsewn and stapled enterectomies, indicating both techniques preserve vascular health equally.
- Stapled enterectomy using green TA staples is safe and did not impair intestinal perfusion at the anastomosis site.
- SDF videomicroscopy is feasible intraoperatively and can differentiate healthy from diseased intestine in dogs.
- Surgeons' subjective evaluations led to potentially unnecessary enterectomies, as microvascular parameters did not differ.
- No cases of dehiscence or mortality, suggesting both surgical approaches are effective when applied properly.
Veterinary Surgery
4
2023
A quantitative evaluation of the effect of foreign body obstruction and enterectomy technique on canine small intestinal microvascular health
2023-4-VS-mullen-5
In Marturello 2023 et al., on 3D-printed humeral models, which anatomical region had the **highest model accuracy** across all printer types?
🔍 Key Findings
- 3D-printed models using desktop printers (FDM, LFS) showed submillimetric accuracy, comparable to or better than industrial-grade PJP printers.
- Bone size had a greater effect on print accuracy than printer type, especially in proximal humerus regions.
- The humeral condyle region showed the greatest model accuracy, with mean differences under 0.5 mm, regardless of printer.
- Models tended to be slightly smaller than cadaveric bones, potentially due to systematic underestimation during printing.
- FDM printer provided the highest accuracy at the humeral condyle in medium-sized bones (+0.09 mm).
- LFS printer produced prints faster and more reliably than FDM, although both had comparable dimensional accuracy.
- Statistically significant differences existed, but all were submillimetric and unlikely to impact surgical outcomes.
- Desktop printers are suitable for surgical planning, including plate pre-contouring and patient-specific instrumentation.
Veterinary Surgery
1
2023
Accuracy of anatomic 3‐dimensionally printed canine humeral models
2023-1-VS-marturello-2
In Eskelinen 2025 et al., on Plate–Pin fixation for MPL, what was the most common cause of minor complications?
🔍 Key Findings
- Plate–Pin TTT fixation resolved MPL in 64/65 stifles with low recurrence (1.5%) and good lameness outcomes postoperatively.
- Complication rate was 21.5% (14/65 stifles), mostly minor (57%); major issues included pin migration, fracture, or capsular failure.
- Pin-related issues accounted for 8 of 20 total complications, highlighting implant refinement is needed.
- No avulsions, TT fixation failures, or luxation recurrence occurred in cases where surgical technique was followed precisely.
- Surgical deviations increased complication risk 11.3× (p < 0.05), suggesting adherence to protocol is critical.
- Single-session bilateral MPL surgery had comparable complication rate (3/20) to unilateral surgery (11/45).
- Screw breakage occurred in 3 cases, suggesting at least 3 screws may be needed for secure TT fixation.
- Authors suggest temporary pin fixation and later removal may reduce complications, though prospective studies are needed.
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology
4
2025
Outcome and Complications Following Medial Patellar Luxation Corrective Surgery with Tibial Tuberosity Transposition Using a Locking Plate and a Pin Fixation: 45 Unilateral and 20 Single-Session Bilateral Procedures
2025-4-VCOT-eskelinen-3
Quiz Results
You answered 7 out of 10 questions correctly
Key Findings