Quiz Question
In Burton 2025 et al., on antebrachial conformation, what is a proposed biomechanical consequence of increased PRUDA?
š Key Findings
- PRUDA (proximal radio-ulnar divergence angle) and UCORA (ulnar center of rotation of angulation) were significantly greater in Cocker Spaniels with HIF vs those without.
- PRUDA (p < .001): Group 1 (HIF) vs Group 2 & 3.
- UCORA (p = .036): Group 1 vs Group 3.
- Other angles (MPRA, LDRA, PCRA, DCRA, torsion) showed no significant differences.
- Increased PRUDA and UCORA may lead to divergent load vectors across the humeral condyle, potentially predisposing to stress fracture (HIF).
- Measurement techniques using CT-based 3D reconstructions were reliable (intraobserver ICC > 0.84).
Veterinary Surgery
4
2025
Antebrachial conformation in Cocker Spaniels with and without humeral intracondylar fissure
2025-4-VS-burton-5
In Whitney 2022 et al., on CBLO fixation strength, regarding biomechanical testing of CBLO constructs, what was the main mode of failure in constructs using only a plate and pin?
š Key Findings
- CBLO fixation with both a headless compression screw (HCS) and tension band (TB) showed the highest yield and ultimate loads compared to other configurations
- HCSTB constructs had significantly higher yield load (1212 N) and ultimate load (1388 N) than Plate alone (788 N, 774 N), HCS alone (907 N, 927 N), or TB alone (1016 N, 1076 N)
- No difference in construct stiffness was detected among the four fixation methods tested
- All constructs ultimately failed by bone fractureālocation of failure differed by construct type (e.g., through HCS hole or cranial screw hole)
- TB and HCSTB groups showed failure via progressive TB stretching and cranial osteotomy widening, while Plate and HCS failed more abruptly
- All constructs withstood forces exceeding expected quadriceps load in vivo (170ā325 N), suggesting all methods can resist physiological loading, but HCSTB provides greater safety margin
- HCS alone was not significantly stronger than Plate or TB alone, questioning its standalone superiority
- Study supports using TB and HCS together for optimal construct strength, but clinical studies are needed to validate implant fatigue, healing, and failure rates
Veterinary Surgery
1
2022
Ex vivo biomechanical comparison of four Center of Rotation Angulation Based Leveling Osteotomy fixation methods
2022-1-VS-whitney-2
In Planchamp 2022 et al., on imaging-based AAI diagnosis, what was the cutoff value of the VCI in dogs imaged in flexion?
š Key Findings
- Ventral Compression Index (VCI) ā„0.16 (extension) or ā„0.2 (flexion) was diagnostic for AAI with 100% sensitivity and >94% specificity
- VCI had the highest diagnostic accuracy among all measured variables (AUC > 0.99)
- C1-C2 overlap ā¤2.7 mm (extension) or ā¤1.8 mm (flexion) also diagnostic for AAI (sensitivity 84ā96%, specificity 81ā90%)
- C1-C2 angle ā„176.9Ā° (extension) or ā„187.4Ā° (flexion) had high sensitivity and specificity (~95%)
- Basion-dens interval ā„5.9 mm (extension) or ā„3.0 mm (flexion) provided moderate diagnostic accuracy
- Cranial translation ratio (CTR) ā„0.18 classified dogs as potentially unstable (sensitivity 90%, specificity 78%)
- VCI ā„0.23 reliably differentiated AAI from potentially unstable cases (sensitivity 94%, specificity 94%)
- DALR ā¤0.24 had high specificity (100%) but low sensitivity for AAI diagnosis
Veterinary Surgery
4
2022
Determination of cutoff values on computed tomography and magnetic resonance images for the diagnosis of atlantoaxial instability in small-breed dogs
2022-4-VS-planchamp-2
In De Moya 2023 et al., on femoral pinning outcomes, which finding was associated with reduced success of FGPP?
š Key Findings
- FGPP (fluoroscopic-guided percutaneous pinning) resulted in successful healing in 10/13 fractures, with good limb function.
- Complications occurred in 5 of 11 cases, including intra-articular implants, malunion, implant failure/nonunion, and implant migration.
- Cases with delayed surgery (>15 days) or radiographic remodeling were more likely to experience major complications.
- Most fractures (10/13) were classified as Salter-Harris type I with mild displacement.
- Median surgical time was 60 minutes, and no conversions to open surgery were needed.
- Postoperative femoral neck resorption was minimal, suggesting possible benefits of the minimally invasive approach for preserving vascular supply.
- One intra-articular pin led to progressive joint disease and required femoral head ostectomy.
- FGPP appears best suited for acute, minimally displaced fractures in young dogs (<8 months) with planned elective explant to avoid growth disturbance.
Veterinary Surgery
6
2023
Closed reduction and fluoroscopicāguided percutaneous pinning of femoral capital physeal or neck fractures: Thirteen fractures in 11 dogs
2023-6-VS-demoya-3-f5012
In Marshall 2022 et al., on fracture healing in dogs, how did **radius and ulna fractures in toy breeds** perform regarding delayed or non-union?
š Key Findings
- Delayed union occurred in 13.9% of fractures; non-union in 4.6%; mal-union in 0.7%
- Major implant failure increased odds of delayed or non-union by 12.9Ć
- Surgical site infection increased risk 3.2Ć; bone grafting (any type) was also associated (OR 3.3)
- Comminuted fractures had 4.2Ć greater odds of delayed or non-union
- Older age increased risk, with odds increasing by 21% per year
- Radius and ulna fractures in toy breeds were not high risk, contrary to historical belief
- Most non-unions required revision surgery with rhBMP-2 or autograft to achieve union
- Ilium fractures showed 0% delayed/non-union ā possibly due to robust muscle envelope
Veterinary Surgery
7
2022
Delayed union, non-union and mal-union in 442 dogs
2022-7-VS-marshall-2
In Berger 2023 et al., on elbow COR estimation, how did the COR in FMCP elbows compare to normal elbows?
š Key Findings
- COR of elbows with FMCP was significantly more caudal compared to normal elbows, based on CT-derived geometry.
- In normal elbows, 74% of medial and 93% of lateral axes exited cranial and distal to the epicondyles.
- In FMCP elbows, 81% of medial and 70% of lateral axes exited caudal and distal to the epicondyles.
- Different landmark combinations produced slightly different COR approximations, especially between humeral vs. radius/ulna-based axes.
- The medial-lateral axis using trochlea and capitulum centers provided the most consistent COR approximation.
- COR estimations based on diseased elbows may not match normal joint geometry, impacting implant alignment accuracy.
- External epicondylar landmarks may be useful intraoperatively to estimate COR location, but variability limits precision.
- Drill diameter size may buffer small COR differences, but impact in advanced disease or bilateral cases remains unclear.
Veterinary Surgery
1
2023
The use of subchondral bone topography to approximate the center of rotation of the elbow joint in dogs
2023-1-VS-berger-2
In Anderson 2023 et al., on French Bulldogs with humeral condylar fractures, what percentage of French Bulldogs had a humeral intracondylar fissure (HIF) in the contralateral limb when CT was performed?
š Key Findings
- Lateral humeral condylar fractures (LHCF) were most common, comprising 63.6% of cases.
- Transcondylar screw (TCS) + K-wire(s) fixation had a 7.62x higher risk of major complications compared to other methods (p = .009).
- All cases of TCS migration occurred in the TCS + K-wire group; none occurred with plate fixation.
- Overall complication rate was 40.9%, with 29.5% being major and requiring intervention.
- Contralateral humeral intracondylar fissures (HIF) were found in 58.1% of French Bulldogs with CT data.
- No significant association between age and presence of HIF, but fissure length increased with age (R = 0.47, p = .048).
- Younger, lighter dogs had higher complication and screw migration rates, possibly due to softer bone and smaller condyles.
- TCS + plate fixation had the lowest complication rate, suggesting biomechanical superiority.
Veterinary Surgery
1
2023
Humeral condylar fractures and fissures in the French bulldog
2023-1-VS-anderson-4
In Scheuermann 2024 et al., on 3D-printed reduction guides for tibial fractures, what percentage of fractures achieved near-anatomic reduction postoperatively?
š Key Findings
- The study was a prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed, patient-specific reduction system for aligning diaphyseal tibial fractures stabilized using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in fifteen client-owned dogs.
- Virtual surgical planning (VSP) and fabrication were feasible within a clinically relevant timeframe, with a mean of 50.7 hours. Surgical efficiency improved with experience.
- Pin-guide placement was accurate, with median translational discrepancies of 2.7 mm (proximal) and 2.9 mm (distal), and angular discrepancies highest in the axial plane.
- The proximal guide was easier to apply (median Likert score: 8) than the distal guide (median: 6).
- The 3D-printed system enabled near-anatomic reduction in 87% of cases and acceptable reduction in the remaining 13%; no unacceptable reductions occurred.
- Postoperative alignment and tibial length were well-restored, with all dogs within 5Ā° or 5 mm of contralateral measurements.
- Temporary circular fixation was occasionally used to assist reduction and improve alignment.
- Precontoured plates fit easily, with a median Likert score of 9; total surgical time was shorter than conventional MIPO at the institution.
- The study lacked a control group but builds on prior cadaveric feasibility work.
Veterinary Surgery
6
2024
Efficacy of virtual surgical planning and a threeādimensionalāprinted surgical guide for canine segmental mandibular reconstruction in a cadaver model
2024-6-VS-scheuermann1-2
In Turner 2025 et al., on TPA changes after SH-1/2 fracture repair, what was the average decrease in tibial plateau angle between injury and first reevaluation?
š Key Findings
- TPA decreased significantly from preoperative to follow-up (mean 5.89Ā°; p < 0.001), and from immediate postoperative to follow-up (mean 2.2Ā°; p = 0.018)
- Use of tension band in addition to K-wires did not significantly improve TPA reduction compared to K-wires alone
- Cranial K-wire positioning may attenuate growth at the cranial tibial physis, allowing relative caudal growth to reduce TPA over time
- Dynamic TPA reduction may reduce risk of cranial cruciate ligament rupture even when initial TPA is high
- Small breeds (e.g., French Bulldogs) were overrepresented; further research is needed in larger breeds with more growth potential
- Surgical reduction is difficult, but perfect alignment may not be essential if TPA reduces postoperatively
- Radiographic TPA measurement was reliably performed with low interobserver variability
- K-wire removal at 3ā8 weeks may facilitate continued growth in growing dogs
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology
5
2025
Tibial Plateau Angle Changes following Repair of SalterāHarris Type 1 and 2 Fractures in Dogs
2025-5-VCOT-turner-1
In Condon 2024 et al., what percentage of fractures were classified as lateral humeral condylar fractures?
š Key Findings Summary
- Lateral humeral condylar fractures = 69.8% of cases; medial = 16.2%; Y/T = 14.0%
- Falls/stairs were the inciting trauma in 45.6% of cases; significantly younger dogs were more likely to fracture after major trauma (p = 0.01)
- Complication rate = 22% (10 major, 20 minor); implant migration and seroma most common
- Fixation method had no significant impact on complication rates (p = 0.87)
- Epicondylar comminution was significantly associated with complications (p = 0.02, OR = 3.27)
- Contralateral intracondylar fissure found in 9.8%, none progressed to fracture during study
- Wide inter-center variation in complication rate (5ā62%, p = 0.002)
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology
2
2024
Humeral Condylar Fractures in French BulldogsāInciting Cause and Factors Influencing Complications of Internal Fixation in 136 Dogs
2024-2-VCOT-condon-2
Quiz Results
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Key Findings