🔍 Key Findings

• Spacer pin fixation showed no difference in failure force or stiffness compared to tension band wire (TBW) or 2-pin techniques.
• All constructs failed under loads >1000 N, exceeding estimated peak quadriceps force in dogs during walking (~240 N).
• Patellar ligament failure was the most common mode of failure across all groups (5–8 samples per group).
• Distal tibial crest fractures were seen only in 2-pin and spacer pin groups, not in TBW group, suggesting TBW may protect against crest failure.
• No failures occurred at pin tracts, possibly due to pin placement within patellar ligament footprint.
• Spacer pin technique avoids placing pins through the tuberosity, potentially reducing risks of soft tissue complications like tendinopathy or irritation.
• Use of partial osteotomy with robust distal crest may substitute for TBW without compromising initial mechanical strength.
• Further in vivo or cyclic loading studies are required, as this cadaveric study tested only acute tensile failure.

🔍 Key Findings

• The study was a prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed, patient-specific reduction system for aligning diaphyseal tibial fractures stabilized using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in fifteen client-owned dogs.
• Virtual surgical planning (VSP) and fabrication were feasible within a clinically relevant timeframe, with a mean of 50.7 hours. Surgical efficiency improved with experience.
• Pin-guide placement was accurate, with median translational discrepancies of 2.7 mm (proximal) and 2.9 mm (distal), and angular discrepancies highest in the axial plane.
• The proximal guide was easier to apply (median Likert score: 8) than the distal guide (median: 6).
• The 3D-printed system enabled near-anatomic reduction in 87% of cases and acceptable reduction in the remaining 13%; no unacceptable reductions occurred.
• Postoperative alignment and tibial length were well-restored, with all dogs within 5° or 5 mm of contralateral measurements.
• Temporary circular fixation was occasionally used to assist reduction and improve alignment.
• Precontoured plates fit easily, with a median Likert score of 9; total surgical time was shorter than conventional MIPO at the institution.
• The study lacked a control group but builds on prior cadaveric feasibility work.

🔍 Key Findings Summary

• 20 cats with pelvic fractures treated using locking plates with only cortical screws
• 28 fractures stabilized (ilium: 17, acetabulum: 6, ischium: 3, pubis: 2)
• Implants: Primarily 1.5/2.0 mm LCPs or String-of-Pearls plates
• Major complications in 2/20 cases (10%): sciatic entrapment, malunion requiring THA
• Minor complications in 2/20 cases (10%): plate impingement, transient lameness
• Clinical union in all cats by 8 weeks; all cats returned to full function
• Authors conclude cortical screws alone can provide adequate fixation in feline pelvic fractures if screw purchase and bone quality are sufficient

🔍 Key Findings

• CBLO reduced tibial plateau angle (TPA) from a mean of 28.1° to 9.7°, aligning with its goal of flattening the tibial slope.
• CBLO eliminated cranial tibial translation (CTT) following CCL transection and meniscal release at all angles except 140° without hamstring load.
• Hamstring loading (20% quadriceps load) significantly reduced or delayed the onset of CTT, improving stifle stability.
• Medial meniscus was confirmed as a secondary stabilizer; its release (MMR) caused more CTT than CCLx alone.
• PTA (patellar tendon angle) increased with joint extension; CBLO shifted the PTA curve lower and parallel to intact values, suggesting effective flexion of the joint.
• Combined CBLO and hamstring loading resulted in the most stable joints, especially from 50° to 135° joint angles.
• Residual CTT occurred in CBLO-only limbs at higher extension angles (e.g., 140°), but hamstring load mitigated this.
• Stifle stability post-CBLO is multifactorial, depending on joint angle, meniscal integrity, and hamstring activation.

🔍 Key Findings

• Exercise-based rehabilitation showed benefits in 6 of 7 studies, including increased peak vertical force (PVF) and reduced lameness, though most had high risk of bias (RoB).
• Cold compression therapy (CCT) had 2 high-quality (Level II, low RoB) studies showing improvements in pain scores, range of motion, and swelling, supporting its clinical use.
• Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) was supported by 2 Level II studies; only one had low RoB, showing short-term benefits in patellar ligament thickness and PVF, but no long-term benefit on bone healing.
• Photobiomodulation (PBM) had mixed results across 3 Level II studies (all low RoB); only 1 showed positive impact on PVF, limiting its recommendation.
• Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) showed no significant impact on gait analysis or bone healing in a Level II, low RoB study.
• Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) improved lameness and thigh circumference in one Level III study, but had high-moderate RoB and involved experimentally-induced CCL rupture, limiting clinical relevance.
• No modality beyond exercise and CCT had consistent or strong evidence for efficacy in post-TPLO or extracapsular repair rehabilitation.
• The absence of standardized protocols, small sample sizes, and inconsistent outcome measures limited the generalizability of findings.

🔍 Key Findings

• Arthroscopically assisted stabilization with an IAD was feasible in cadaveric canine shoulders using both bone anchor and suture-toggle techniques.
• Suture-toggle repair was successfully performed in all specimens, while bone anchors could not be deployed in 3/10 shoulders, indicating lower feasibility.
• Median surgical time was shorter for the suture-toggle group (25.5 min) compared to the anchor group (37.3 min).
• Postoperative abduction angles returned to baseline in the anchor group, while the suture-toggle group had slightly reduced angles, suggesting possible overtightening.
• Violation of the articular surface occurred in 2 anchor specimens and 1 suture-toggle specimen, but none were considered likely to be clinically significant.
• Overall targeting accuracy using the IAD was 88%, supporting its utility in guiding tunnel/anchor placement.
• CT measurements showed acceptable bone stock and insertion angles, but anchor insertion angles were lower than optimal for mechanical pullout strength.
• Suture-toggle technique was considered simpler and more consistent, with fewer complications and faster execution than anchor placement.

🔍 Key Findings

• Simulated quadriceps and gastrocnemius forces increased proportionally with axial load in all three femoral fixation models.
• Model 2 (rigid fixation) resulted in subphysiologic quadriceps forces and abnormally high gastrocnemius forces, reducing model fidelity.
• Models 1 and 3 (with hip mobility) produced more physiologic quadriceps and force ratios, especially under 30–40% bodyweight loads.
• Force ratios were significantly lower in rigid fixation (Model 2) compared to hip-mobile models (p = .007), suggesting model design affects simulated muscle coordination.
• Joint angles (stifle and hock) remained within acceptable limits, though slight flexion occurred with increasing load.
• Relative foot position differed by ~3.9 mm between models 2 and 3, with model 2 showing a more caudal position.
• Model 3 preserved benefits of hip mobility while allowing radiographic documentation, making it a preferred setup for future studies.
• The study suggests that models used in feline stifle stabilization research may underestimate physiologic forces, especially with rigid fixation designs.

🔍 Key Findings Summary

• Success rate: All 9 cats underwent successful laparoscopic partial pancreatectomy.
• Complications:
  • 1 minor intraoperative hemorrhage (Grade 1)
  • 1 sterile peritonitis (Grade 2) post-op, resolved conservatively
• Pancreatic function:
  • fTLI decreased by 37% (p = .03), but stayed within normal limits
  • fPLI and A1C were unchanged
• Resection details:
  • Mean weight: 3.0 ± 1.4 g
  • Mean surgical time: 59.7 ± 16.2 min
• Follow-up: 250–446 days — all cats remained clinically healthy
• Conclusion: Ultrasonic LPP is safe and effective in healthy cats, preserving endocrine/exocrine function

🔍 Key Findings

PL-30 group (partial, TA30-V3 wedge):

• 100% leaked
• Median leakage pressure: 10 cm H₂O
• Most failures from periphery of staple line

PL-60 group (partial, TA60-3.5):

• 100% leaked
• Median leakage pressure: 18 cm H₂O
• Better than PL-30 (p = .006)

TL-30 group (total, TA30-V3):

• Only 1 of 11 leaked (at 22 cm H₂O)
• All others resisted pressures >50–65 cm H₂O
• Significantly higher leakage pressure than both PL groups (p < .001)

Odds ratios (leakage vs TL-30):

• PL-30: OR 437 at both 20 and 30 cm H₂O (p = .003)
• PL-60: OR 437 at 20 cm H₂O and 133 at 30 cm H₂O (p = .003)

Recommendation: Prefer TL-30 when possible. If partial needed, PL-60 superior to PL-30, but all partials leaked at physiologic pressures.

🔍 Key Findings Summary

• Used VMBDmD to quantify hip laxity under increasing force in cadaveric dogs (n=34).
• 90% of hips reached ≥90% of LImax at 95.32 N, defining this force as sufficient for subluxation.
• LImax was not significantly influenced by osteoarthritis, weight, sex, or limb side.
• Position of device (lever length) influenced rate of laxity acquisition, not final LImax.
• LI curves were repeatable across 5 sessions, indicating elastic—not plastic—deformation.