🔍 Key Findings

• A linear relationship was observed between wedge angle and tibial plateau angle (TPA) correction across all four CCWO techniques.
• All techniques produced predictable TPA corrections using linear regression-derived equations, allowing wedge angle extrapolation to achieve a target postoperative TPA of 5°.
• TLA shift (tibial long axis) increased with wedge angle and influenced final TPA; greatest in Frederick & Cross method.
• Tibial shortening (mTL%) varied by technique, being most severe (up to 40.9%) in traditional Slocum & Devine CCWO and least in newer techniques (7.5–12%).
• The Oxley mCCWO produced the least TLA shift and tibial shortening, especially at moderate wedge angles.
• Techniques varied in craniocaudal translation and wedge apex positioning, influencing planning accuracy and mechanical axis alignment.
• The corrective wedge angle equations reliably predicted TPA within 4–6° across varied tibial conformations.
• The study supports equation-based planning over static TPA–5° subtraction to reduce risk of under- or over-correction.