In Holman 2024 et al., on canine shoulder arthroscopy, what was the main method used to mark the limits of visualization?
A. Ink injection into soft tissue
B. Suture tagging of visible margins
C. Bone pin markers
D. Radio-opaque beads and fluoroscopy
E. Direct scalpel notching
Answer: Ink injection into soft tissue
Explanation: Tattoo ink was injected arthroscopically to mark the visual limits for later dissection.
In Holman 2024 et al., on canine shoulder arthroscopy, which tendon had the smallest proportion visible from the lateral portal?
A. Biceps tendon
B. Supraspinatus tendon
C. Subscapularis tendon
D. Infraspinatus tendon
E. Teres major tendon
Answer: Subscapularis tendon
Explanation: Only 20% of the subscapularis tendon was visible through the standard lateral portal.
In Holman 2024 et al., what was concluded about the standard lateral approach for shoulder arthroscopy in dogs?
A. Provides full visualization of stabilizers
B. Should be replaced by medial portals
C. Requires MRI confirmation for all pathologies
D. Visualizes less than 75% of key structures
E. Cannot detect any subscapularis pathology
Answer: Visualizes less than 75% of key structures
Explanation: Study concluded <75% of medial shoulder stabilizers were visible via lateral arthroscopy.
In Holman 2024 et al., on lateral arthroscopy of the canine shoulder, what percentage of the medial glenohumeral ligament’s cranial border was visible?
A. 32%
B. 48%
C. 58%
D. 63%
E. 72%
Answer: 58%
Explanation: 58% of the cranial arm of the medial glenohumeral ligament was within view during standard arthroscopy.
In Holman 2024 et al., on shoulder arthroscopy, what proportion of the biceps tendon was visible arthroscopically with the shoulder in flexion?
A. 32%
B. 48%
C. 58%
D. 63%
E. 77%
Answer: 63%
Explanation: Flexion increased visibility of the biceps tendon from 48% to 63% (p = 0.0003).