🔍 Key Findings
- 3D-printed endoscopy ports (3DEP) enabled accurate ventral slot creation in cadaveric dogs at C3–C4, regardless of surgeon experience.
- Screw trajectory accuracy was high, with mean angular deviation <2.5°, entry/exit point deviation <1.6 mm, and <0.6 mm screw penetration into the spinal canal.
- No statistical differences were found between experienced and inexperienced surgeons for slot dimensions or screw placement accuracy.
- Ventral slot length and width ratios were within recommended limits, averaging ~30% and ~46% of vertebral body dimensions, respectively.
- 27/30 slots were classified as ideal (Type I), with all 3 deviating cases still considered clinically safe.
- 3DEP design allowed precise alignment and fixation, reducing risk of tilting and improving visualization without soft tissue intrusion.
- Custom dilator system facilitated safe, repeatable MISS approach without need for retractors or excessive tissue manipulation.
- Debris containment and suction through the 3DEP improved visualization, compared to conventional MISS techniques.
