Scheuermann et al: Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of femoral fractures with 3D-printed bone models and custom surgical guides: A cadaveric study in dogs
Veterinary Surgery 6, 2023

Accurate femoral alignment was achieved using plates precontoured to 3D-printed models with both reduction techniques (FRS and IMP).
FRS (Fracture Reduction System) required fewer fluoroscopic images than IMP (median 7 vs 26; P = .001).
Surgical time was longer with FRS than IMP (median 43 vs 29 minutes; P = .011).
No significant difference in postoperative femoral length or alignment (frontal, sagittal, axial) between FRS and IMP.
One IMP case had 23.9° change in axial alignment, but all others were within near-anatomic parameters.
FRS introduced more recurvatum (sagittal plane deviation; P = .03) but still within acceptable clinical limits.
Custom surgical guides and preoperative planning were likely responsible for high alignment accuracy.
Prototype FRS system was cumbersome to use; improvements are needed before clinical application.

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Accurate femoral alignment was achieved using plates precontoured to 3D-printed models with both reduction techniques (FRS and IMP).
FRS (Fracture Reduction System) required fewer fluoroscopic images than IMP (median 7 vs 26; P = .001).
Surgical time was longer with FRS than IMP (median 43 vs 29 minutes; P = .011).
No significant difference in postoperative femoral length or alignment (frontal, sagittal, axial) between FRS and IMP.
One IMP case had 23.9° change in axial alignment, but all others were within near-anatomic parameters.
FRS introduced more recurvatum (sagittal plane deviation; P = .03) but still within acceptable clinical limits.
Custom surgical guides and preoperative planning were likely responsible for high alignment accuracy.
Prototype FRS system was cumbersome to use; improvements are needed before clinical application.