In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on hip toggle stabilization, which structure was consistently avoided during toggle placement?
A. Obturator nerve
B. Femoral artery
C. Sciatic nerve
D. Urethra
E. Caudal gluteal artery
Answer: Obturator nerve
Explanation: All toggles were positioned dorsal to the obturator nerve with no gross injury observed.
In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on hip toggle stabilization, what percentage of joints had articular cartilage injury (ACI)?
A. 21%
B. 43%
C. 71%
D. 100%
E. 50%
Answer: 71%
Explanation: ACI was found in 10 out of 14 joints, indicating a high rate, though all were <10% surface area.
In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on hip toggle stabilization, what was the most challenging step reported during the procedure?
A. Femoral tunnel drilling
B. Positioning the arthroscopic guide
C. Toggle passage through femoral tunnel
D. Toggle tying on lateral cortex
E. Removal of ligament of the head of femur
Answer: Toggle passage through femoral tunnel
Explanation: This was rated mildly difficult in 6 joints and was the step most frequently noted as challenging.
In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on hip toggle stabilization, which intraoperative complication occurred most frequently?
A. Toggle disengagement within the acetabulum
B. Tunnel malposition in the acetabulum
C. K-wire misplacement or loss during drilling
D. Toggle failure after knot tying
E. Neurovascular injury to obturator nerve
Answer: K-wire misplacement or loss during drilling
Explanation: K-wire complications (loss or misplacement) occurred in multiple joints, highlighting it as the most frequent issue.
In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on hip toggle stabilization, what was a major cause of technique deviation?
A. Improper toggle knot tension
B. Improper acetabular tunnel depth
C. Femoral tunnel exit outside fovea capitis
D. Femoral tunnel entry too cranial
E. Use of flexible k-wire
Answer: Femoral tunnel exit outside fovea capitis
Explanation: This was a common deviation; though implant positions were ideal, 8 major deviations were noted—all in the femoral tunnel.
In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on feline hip stabilization, what was the most frequent intraoperative complication during AA-HTS?
A. Toggle disengagement and intra-articular lodging
B. Injury to neurovascular structures during tunnel drilling
C. Failure to locate the acetabular fossa
D. Toggle lodging in the femoral tunnel
E. Fracture of the femoral head
Answer: Toggle lodging in the femoral tunnel
Explanation: This complication occurred in 1 of the 5 reported intraoperative events and was the only step rated as "most difficult".
In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on feline hip stabilization, what factor most likely contributed to the absence of complications in the final 4 joints?
A. Increased surgical assistance
B. Hardware change to smaller toggle
C. Switch to open approach
D. Experience gained during procedure
E. Use of fluoroscopy
Answer: Experience gained during procedure
Explanation: The authors noted a learning curve effect, with no complications or deviations in the last 4 joints.
In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on feline hip stabilization, what was the most common type of iatrogenic injury observed in cadaveric joints?
A. Full-thickness nerve laceration
B. Obturator nerve impingement
C. Femoral neck fracture
D. Minor articular cartilage damage
E. Deep muscle hematoma
Answer: Minor articular cartilage damage
Explanation: Cartilage damage was reported in 10/14 joints, all considered minor (<10% total cartilage area).
In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on feline hip stabilization, how many surgical technique deviations were reported across the 14 joints?
A. 3
B. 7
C. 10
D. 13
E. 17
Answer: 13
Explanation: Thirteen total deviations were reported in 7 joints, including major and minor deviations.
In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on feline hip stabilization, which of the following structures was most at risk of impingement due to excessively ventral toggle placement?
A. Femoral artery
B. Sciatic nerve
C. Obturator nerve
D. Femoral vein
E. Urethra
Answer: Obturator nerve
Explanation: The toggle was placed just dorsal to the obturator nerve in all joints, and excessively ventral placement may cause impingement.
