In Marshall 2022 et al., what **effect did bone grafting** have on delayed or non-union outcomes?
A. Decreased odds of delayed union
B. No effect on outcome
C. Increased odds (OR 3.32) of delayed or non-union
D. Only increased risk if autograft was used
E. Only significant in open fractures
Answer: Increased odds (OR 3.32) of delayed or non-union
Explanation: Bone graft use was associated with a 3.32× increase in risk, likely reflecting selection bias.
In Marshall 2022 et al., on delayed and non-union risk, what was the **strongest predictor** of delayed or non-union in canine fractures?
A. Comminuted fracture
B. Surgical site infection
C. Bone graft use
D. Implant failure
E. Open fracture
Answer: Implant failure
Explanation: Implant failure had an OR of 12.94 — the strongest risk factor identified.
In Marshall 2022 et al., on fracture healing in dogs, how did **radius and ulna fractures in toy breeds** perform regarding delayed or non-union?
A. Were significantly more likely to result in non-union
B. Were significantly more likely to require bone grafting
C. Were no more likely to result in delayed or non-union
D. Were always treated with external coaptation
E. Were excluded from the study
Answer: Were no more likely to result in delayed or non-union
Explanation: The study found no increased odds of poor healing in toy breed radius/ulna fractures.
In Marshall 2022 et al., which **dog-related factor** significantly increased the odds of delayed or non-union?
A. Body weight
B. Breed
C. Sex
D. Age
E. BCS (body condition score)
Answer: Age
Explanation: Odds increased 21% per year of age (OR 1.21 per year).
In Marshall 2022 et al., on fracture healing outcomes, what was the **prevalence of non-union** among the 461 fractures reviewed?
A. 13.9%
B. 4.6%
C. 0.7%
D. 21.1%
E. 8.8%
Answer: 4.6%
Explanation: The authors reported non-union in 21 of 461 fractures (4.6%).
